• An aluminum bar of cross-section 1/4 x1/2 inch and length 6 ft is vertically inserted in sand so that 4.48 ft (136.5 cm) is allowed to freely vibrate in a horizontal direction.

• The sand acts as a non-reflective boundary so that any flexural waves incident upon the sand will be completely absorbed.

• PCB accelerometers (1 gram) are attached at positionsAandB

• Aluminum bar is excited with an impulse, using PCB hammer with plastic tip, at points1and2

• The time signals measured by the accelerometers are displayed on an oscilloscope (one that can store a trace)

Discussion of Time Signals

The equation of motion for flexural (bending) waves in a beam is

where is the speed of a quasi-longitudinal wave (Eis Young's modulus and ?Ѡis the mass density). This equation of motion is a fourth-order differential equation such that the solutions are not of the formy(x,t) = f(x-ct) + g(x+ct). In addition, the flexural wave speed is dispersive

as evidenced by the fact that the wave speed is proportional to the square root of frequency. Thus, higher frequency flexural waves will travel faster than lower frequency flexural waves.

A force pulse contains many (almost infinite) frequency components

Hammer impact at Point 1

• Force pulse is very clean at location B
• Pulse disperses by the time it reaches location A --- higher frequency waves travel faster and arrive first --- lower frequency waves travel slower and arrive later



Hammer impact at Point 2

• Initial force pulse is very clean at location A
• Pulse disperses by the time it reaches location B --- higher frequency waves travel faster and arrive first --- lower frequency waves travel slower and arrive later
• Flexural waves reflect from free end of beam and travel back down to location A --- dispersion is even more evident in reflected signal



(From Acoustics and Vibration Animations - Dan Russell, Kettering University)